Herman Willem Daendles Residency
The policies in the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands which is controlled by France is highly visible when Governor-General Herman Willem Daendles who served in 1808 until 1811. Notable people born in France, its main task is to defend the island from attack forces, United Kingdom. In her attempt to defend the island from the United Kingdom, Herman Willem Daendles applies the following policies :1. Create a path heading Anyer Anyer Panarukan-connecting in West Java to Panarukan within East Java with a length of approximately 1000 km,
2. Forming the army,
3. Set up the fortress,
4. Set up a factory of gunpowder and weapons in Semarang and Surabaya,
5. Build soldiers, hospital
6. Establish a port at Anyer and Ujung Kulon,
7. Make small boats to support the interests of the war.
Governor General Herman Willem Daendles is known for its hard, disciplined and vicious. Herman Willem Daendles in getting the support of the Fund to deal with the United Kingdom, Herman Willem Daendles implement some policies such as the following :
1. Execute the contingenten, i.e. the tax in the form of produce,
2. Apply prianger stelsel, namely the obligation of the people to plant the coffee plant Structures,
3. Apply the verplichte leverentie, namely the obligation to sell products to the Government of the Netherlands a price has been set,
4. Rodi, namely a system of forced labor for the natives.
The Kingdom of the Netherlands under King Louis Napoleon abolished by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte in 1810, so the Foundation of the Netherlands territory of France. Thus the Netherlands colonies in Indonesia became the colonies of France.
In the year 1811 Daendles considered very authoritarian by Emperor Napoleon so Daendles to be pulled back to the Netherlands and was succeeded by Governor General Janssens Sunday. In the powerful Governor General Janssens Sunday not as strong and not as Daendles lead capably in carrying out its task, even when the United Kingdom invaded the island of Java, he surrendered and signed the Treaty of Tuntang on 1811 in Semarang.
In carrying out the task Daendles have policies that influential in people's lives like this :
1. The existence of contingenten, leverentie, and prianger verplichte stelsel,
2. Build roads Anyer-Panarukan,
3. Building the port and make small-sized battleship,
4. Applying labor for Rodi,
5. Sell the land the people against a private party,
6. Prohibit the village rental, except for the production of sugar, salt, and a bird's nest,
7. Prohibit government employees who receive a fixed salary in a trade.
So the rigors of oppressive policies and squeeze people applied in the archipelago makes a lot of people's antipathy toward the Governor-General Herman Willem Daendles. These impacts occur at the discretion of the Governor-General Herman Willem Daendles that suppress and extort the people :
1. A deep well of Resentment among the rulers or people,
2. Collapse of Daendles,
3. Suffering from prolonged poverty,
4. The presence of private land managed by private entrepreneurs,
5. Resistance by the rulers as well as the people.
Governor General Herman Willem Daendles led due to things like this :
1. Governor General Herman Willem Daendles violated state laws by making deviations by selling people's land to a private company,
2. Governor General Herman Willem Daendles has the stormy attitude against the local rulers and local people, this can result in the people of the archipelago will be favoring the United Kingdom.
Thomas Stamford Raffles Residency
Tuntang agreement on 1811 in Semarang with the surrender of the Netherlands to the United Kingdom to initiate United Kingdom colonial occupation in Indonesia. As early as the colonial occupation of the United Kingdom in Indonesia, Thomas Stamford Raffles was appointed the Lieutenant Governor of the East India Company or commonly abbreviated as EIC in the archipelago and served the Government for 5 years from the year 1811 until 1816 by bringing changes based on liberalism.
Thomas Stamford Raffles in the Nusantara held rule in some changes including in economics and Government. Like for example Daendles policy formerly known as contingenten modified by Thomas Stamford Raffles with land lease system or landrent i.e. the farmers or people must pay taxes as rent because all land deemed to belong State.
In addition to the landrent policy, Thomas Stamford Raffles also implemented several policies in Indonesia, such as the following :
1. Divide Java into 16 districts,
2. Assign the land as State-owned and charge rent to the people,
3. Delete prianger stelsel, forced labor, and stop the bondage,
4. Apply the system of Government and law as in the United Kingdom,
5. Lift the Regent became Government officials,
6. Remove the law from generation to generation,
7. Give freedom to the people to plant their own crops, but plants grown should be traded.
Over time Government led by Thomas Stamford Raffles pointed out that the application of a policy of landrent in Indonesia failed, but some of the factors that make this policy failed :
1. The large number of rural people unfamiliar with the system of money,
2. It is difficult to determine soil fertility levels and spacious,
3. It is difficult to determine the magnitude of the tax charged to different extent of landowners,
4. lack of employee amount of power.
Acts of Thomas Stamford Raffles who divided the territory of Java became the 16th district, it is intended to facilitate the surveillance against areas controlled by placing a resident and is assisted by an Assistant resident at each district.
In addition, Thomas Stamford Raffles also give positive impact to Indonesia, as does :
1. Pioneered the Bogor botanical gardens,
2. Found the flower of Rafflesia Arnoldi,
3. Compiled a book entitled History Of Java,
4. Applied the court system grounded in United Kingdom courts.
Thomas Stamford Raffles must put an end to his rule in the archipelago due to the political changes that occurred in Europe. Napoleon Bonaparte had to surrender to the United Kingdom in 1814, which resulted in the Netherlands off from French control of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, later held a meeting in London, United Kingdom. The meeting, known as the Convention Of London 1814 containing the Netherlands reclaim its occupied area that used to be lost to the United Kingdom. Indonesia status is returned as it used to be before the war, i.e. under the powers of the Netherlands.
Thomas Stamford Raffles is actually not agreed will be the decision of the Convention Of London 1814, he should put his Office to Lieutenant Governor John Fendall. In 1816 John Fendall gives Indonesia's territory to the Netherlands.
The placement of the Netherlands 2
The Netherlands took power after United Kingdom residency, in Indonesia, in the year 1814. The Netherlands indeed win the battle but the Netherlands also won in losses, due to the financial state of the Netherlands win while the Netherlands showed a minus point. Next, the Netherlands ordered the figures in the country Itself to improve the financial state of the Netherlands.
The Netherlands to send Van Der Capellen to Indonesia in 1816 with the task in 1817 until 1830 to settle the financial problems of the country the Netherlands minus and the debt burden piled by applying economic and political policy embraced the liberal. Conservative circles consider that along with the economic hardship that befell the Netherlands, then considered liberal political and economic policies fail. Liberals and conservatives dominating in the successive Governments, the situation also had an impact on the economy and politics in the archipelago.
The Netherlands itself there are 2 understand that have different opinions, namely among others.
1. Understand conservatives,
Have confidence that the colonies would provide advantages for the Netherlands in Economic Affairs is held directly by the Government.
2. liberal.
Have confidence that the colonies would provide advantages for the Netherlands in Economic Affairs is held entirely by the private sector without government intervention.
Van Der Capellen failed to topple the Liberals, in the Parliament and the Government had already ruled and dominated by conservatives. Conservative political and economic policies began to apply in the archipelago during the time of Governor General Van Den Bosch. His policy as in 1830 a work rule that implements the rodi or servitude known as cultivation system i.e. people being forced to work and planting crops that are sold in international trade such as coffee, tea, tobacco, quinine and pepper without rewards.
The practice of cultivation system policy is applied to obtain the maximum profit in a short time so that the Netherlands can cover all its debts as well as restoring the finances of Netherlands on a positive curve. In practice there are cultivation system rules implemented by the people like this :
1. Implementation of the cultivation system turned over completely to the village head,
2. Mandatory crop Land tax-free, as a result of the land sold to the Netherlands as a tax,
3. People who do not own the land, are required to work during 66 days in a year in government-owned companies or plantations,
4. In the event of a failed harvest or damage is the responsibility of the Government,
5. The people have the obligation of setting aside land for his work 1/5 of cultivated plants is mandatory,
6. The energy and time to develop this plant should not be mandatory overtime to plant rice,
7. In the event of excess crops from the specified amount will be refunded.
When are reviewed carefully the rules in the policy will be implemented in a cultivation system a good rule, but in the implementation of cultivation system much happened deviations from it, such as the following :
1. In the event of a failed harvest, the farmer is paid
2. The people have the obligation of providing more than land 1/5 his work as a backup if the result is less profitable,
3. In the event of excess yields are not returned,
4. People who do not own the land, are required to work for more than 66 days in a year in government-owned companies or plantations,
5. Mandatory crop Land remained withdrawn taxes.
Cultuur procenten be the cause of the occurrence of deviations in the implementation of cultivation system in which much of the village head who tempted by the lure of cultuur procenten, that is a gift from the Government to the village chief in a can submit harvest exceeds the conditions already set on time.
The thing that caused the authorities increasingly vigorous in pressing hard for more people in the work of generating plant is mandatory, so that the authorities obtain more results from a predefined and obtain prizes and praise from the Government of the Netherlands. This has resulted in misery and suffering for the people of natives persecuted by arbitrarily, those areas that are experiencing the suffering of which are the following :
1. The Valley of Sala, including Madiun, Surakarta, and Yogyakarta,
2. Valley of the Brantas, including Besuki, Kediri, and Surabaya,
3. West Sumatra,
4. Priangan
5. Jepara and Tuban.
With only a 40-year period from the year, 1830 to 1870 with the Netherlands successfully closed its debts which only 33 million guilders, but the performance of Van Den Bosch through cultivation system capable of generating 823 million guilders. So the rest of the results of the cultivation system used to construct buildings and railroad as well as building other facilities in the Netherlands. The success of Van Den Bosch becomes a figure who was awarded the title of De Graaf in 1839 because his services are able to prosper the Netherlands.
Open Door Policy
In the year 1850 in the Netherlands held elections that were won by the Liberals which resulted in the political policy of the Netherlands who profit most opposed by the Liberals and humanitarians. The Liberals are trying to improve the well-being of people's lives who are in Indonesia to meet bright spot with the Agrarian ACT of 1870 was issued.
In the Agrarian ACT of 1870 contains as follows :
1. Entrepreneurs can rent the land from the Government for a period of 75 years,
2. Indigenous Peoples have the right to own land and lease it to private entrepreneurs,
As for the purpose of the formation of the Agrarian ACT of 1870 as follows :
1. Protection of indigenous people's land in order not to be lost,
2. Warranties and opportunities private parties to open businesses in the fields of plantations in Indonesia.
As for the goal of the Agrarian ACT of 1870 is to support political open door which opened the island to private parties. Netherlands parties also provide security and freedom for private parties to lease the land rather than to buy it. This is so that the indigenous land did not fall into the hands of private parties. The land was meant to let the private companies produce crops that could be exported to Europe.
As for other laws issued by the Netherlands namely ACT 1870 which has Wet Suiker purposes in order to provide an opportunity for businessmen of the sugar plantations in developing his business. The following is the content of the ACT of 1870 Wet Suiker :
1. All sugar company must be left to the private sector in the year 1891,
2. The termination of the company's Government-owned sugar gradually.
As time goes by the existence of the ACT of 1870 and Wet Suiker Agrarian ACT of 1870 more and makes a lot of private parties who are willing to invest their own capital in the archipelago in the fields of plantations or mines. Here are some foreign-managed plantations in Indonesia :
1. The tea plantation in West Java and North Sumatra,
2. Rubber plantations in Eastern Sumatra,
3. Sugar cane plantations in Central Java and East Java,
4. Palm oil plantations in North Sumatra,
5. Tobacco plantations in North Sumatra Province, Deli
6. Quinine Plantations in West Java.
The existence of an open door political is expected to support the people's welfare is precise to make indigenous peoples increasingly miserable with massive exploitation of agricultural sources as well as energy against humans. The impact of the existence of the Agrarian ACT of 1870 in people's lives as follows:
1. Indigenous Peoples are increasingly miserable, miserable, and poor,
2. Transportation and irrigation Facilities built,
3. The birth of intermediary traders,
4. Indigenous Peoples began to recognize the wages with money,
5. Indigenous People began to recognize the import and export of goods.
Political Open door is expected to bring a better change for the people of the Malay Archipelago, thus making the more indigenous folk miserable. This happens due to the agrarian exploitation, namely, act arbitrarily against the private house of the land leased. Also, there is the exploitation of human beings, i.e. an action that demands workers are required to work hard to fulfill the agreements that should be given. The workers who come from regions dense with sweet promises, lied to a sweet promise to be as koeli oerdonat, namely the call for workers from different areas. The workers were forced to sign the Treaty of employment contract in a trade commodity planting a lot of harm for workers. Due to a large number of workers are illiterate, so as to streamline the hiring process koeli oerdonat.
This has resulted in a large number of figures who criticized the policy of the Netherlands suffering indigenous so many figures that appeared to criticize the policies of the Netherlands as follows :
1. Eduard Douwes Dekker,
By any other name Multatuli, which is the birth of the Netherlands who live in the archipelago, he wrote the Max Havelaar in 1860 which contains the Community farmers suffer because of an arbitrary policy of the Netherlands.
2. Pieter Broosshooft,
A Netherlands-born who became a journalist in the area of Semarang, and write a critique that is about the Netherlands responses indifferent to the cholera disease in Indonesia that began to devour souls for workers.
3. Theodore Van Deventer.
A birth of the Netherlands who is a practitioner of the law the Netherlands Indies subsequently became a politician. He wrote a criticism on a letter that the Government of the Netherlands should do something to the natives, if not someday be broken dams and flock will engulf all of you. Theodore Van Deventer also released a paper the Een Eereschlud or in the language of Indonesia's debt of honor was published in the magazine De Gids in 1899 which contains that the Government has exploited the Netherlands colonies for to build his empire and also gain the advantage of a great image. Theodore Van Deventer, reveal the necessity of moral obligation favors against the natives.
The number of critics who came, especially criticism Theodore Van Deventer, who makes the emergence of a new policy that is Trias Van Deventer as the embodiment of ethical or political favors from the Government of the Netherlands against Archipelago that has done in the year 1901.
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