The History of the Kingdom Resistance In The Archipelago Against the Portuguese

The Portuguese presence in the archipelago based on the exploration of the oceans by the Portuguese was based on the collapse of Constantinople by Ottoman Turks in 1455 who led the centre of commerce, so the Portuguese did explore the ocean to find the centre of the spices. This led to competition in the archipelago against the Portuguese.

With the agreement of Tordesillas in 1494 AD, it was the beginning of the sea exploration by the Portuguese in the 15th century. Where the contents of the treaty are the division of oceanic exploration areas between the Portuguese who make the ocean exploration to the east while Spain to explore the ocean to the west.

A Portuguese first figure who started a sea exploration called Bartholomeus Diaz who likes to fail, time passes under the leadership of Alfonso De Alburqueque can reach in Malacca in 1511 and can control the kingdom in Malacca and travel to the archipelago to find spices, many of which obstacles, here are the barriers that are the Portuguese.

Resistance of the Kingdom of Malacca

The Kingdom of Malacca is a kingdom located at the western end of the archipelago which has a very strategic location for traders who want to stop on this island. At the time of the exploration of the Portuguese oceans who had arrived in Newspapers in Malacca, there were many and cheaper spices. Therefore the Portuguese sent the envoy of Diogo Lopes De Sequeira to establish a relationship with the Kingdom of Malacca.

In 1511 the Portuguese succeeded in controlling Malacca which had to defeat the fierce resistance of Malacca until Sultan Mahmud Syah who became the leader of Malacca had to flee to the island of Bintan. Square as soon as the people of Malacca continue to fight that is assisted by various areas around Malacca. Assistance also came from Demak led by Duke Unus in 1525 but failed, but also came by Katir from Jepara who provided 1000 troops and 100 ships to help the Malacca Resistance over the Portuguese, and the Muslim empire in Southwest Asia such as Turkey that sent help.

Resistance of the Sultanate of Demak

In 1511 the Sultanate of Demak had heard the news that Malacca had been occupied by the Portuguese, the concern arose when the Portuguese arrived at Demak and controlled the Sultanate of Demak. Then sent Adipati Unus to Malacca to prevent and provide resistance against the Portuguese.

As time went on a news came out of the Pajajaran alliance, that the Portuguese had reached the island of Java. This caused fears of the Sultanate of Demak increasingly peaked, until finally at that time led by Sultan Trenggono sent Fatahilah on June 22, 1527, who managed to control the Sunda Kelapa previously mastered and built the castle by the Portuguese in 1527. Since then the name of Jayakarta became a substitute name Sunda Kelapa, which means a glorious victory.

Resistance of Ternate-Tidore Sultanate (Maluku)

In 1521 the arrival of Portuguese and Spanish in Maluku especially in Ternate and Tidore not only monopolized trade but also the nation also imposed coercion and military violence against the people in Ternate and Tidore. There were also many problems that occurred such as the violation of the treaty of friendship and trade between the Portuguese Governor De Mesquita and the Sultan of Ternate Khairun in 1564 where the Sultan Khairun was considered under Portuguese colony. Although renewal of the treaty stipulates that some sovereign rights are recognized but the Portuguese still executes a trade monopoly on spices in Ternate as well as attempts at the implementation of Christianization in Ternate territory should not be denied and in case of problems or disputes between the sultan and the governor, it will be completed by the king of Portugal.

Resulting from the deification of the Sultanate of Ternate only as a colony by the Governor of De Mesquita, the Sultan Khairun grew furious and lost his patience after a year of appointment. Therefore Sultan Khairun broke the agreement unilaterally and declared war on the Portuguese by deploying troops of Sultan Khairun and his people to expel Christians both Portuguese and indigenous people outside the power of the Sultanate of Ternate. This led to heavy fighting and many of the Portuguese and Christian inhabitants fled to Ambon and Mindanao.

Governor De Mesquita was angered by this incident even asking for help from Goa and Malacca. This did not make the troops under the leadership of Sultan Khairun tremble but instead made the spirit of the struggle increasingly burned by the spirit to die a martyr on the battlefield. This resulted in considerable losses for the Portuguese troops until finally, Sultan Khairun invited to reconcile. Sultan Khairun agreed to the peace with the condition that all Christians should leave the Sultanate of Ternate, which was further approved by Sultan Khairun and the Governor of De Mesquita. The peace event which was held on 28 January 1570 had to end tragically when at the time of the event 139 people of Ternate including Sultan Khairun were killed by the Portuguese soldiers.

After Sultan Khairun died his position replaced by Babullah, hearing news of his father Sultan Khairun who was killed stabbed by the Portuguese army caused anger of his son Babullah. He carried out the resistance against the Portuguese by cooperating with the sultans around the Moluccas such as Tidore, Ambon, and Gowa. Finally, the Portuguese soldiers surrendered to Sultan Babullah in 1575 after the Portuguese fort was confined and did not get any help from Portuguese soldiers who had been brought from Malacca and Goa as a result of not being able to break the siege of the army of the Sultan of Ternate for 5 years.

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